Stereotypes at School - 599 Words

Dr. Shankar Vedantam is a profound author and scientist for the NPR. The author of the passage â€Å"How a Self-Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance† Shankar Vedantam believes that by reminding a certain race of people about their race before a test they will score lower than if not reminded. Shankar’s purpose in revealing this information is to erase the imagery of stereotypes when testing. He adopts a different tone when the article moves on by going from a factual article to a more opinionated one. The intended audience is for people who stereotype because he is trying to convince them to try not to do it to any other people. Mrs. Roberts gave us a piece of 2 sided paper, and on the paper were boxes which we answered questions in. The questions we all about how the 2 people I talked to and where they heard the stereotypes, how they were formed, and how they dealt with their own races or sexes stereotypes. Both of the people I asked were in our class, and outside our class. The data we received from interviewing the people were put into the boxes on the paper we were given. We looked at the data after it was all put together and put it next to other stereotypes. Our class has done some research on the topic of stereotypes in our school. We have interviewed 165 students about the topic of stereotyping 79% of the people we interviewed were in 9th grade the rest were evenly spread out between 10th, 11th, and 12th grade. Only 42% of our participants were femaleShow MoreRelatedStereotypes in Schools953 Words   |  4 PagesStereotypes in school can affect students in their confidence and education. Writer, Shankar Vedantam, in his article, â€Å"How A Self-Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance,† argues that reminding people of their race before a test or quiz can be the reason they dont score as high on a test. He supports his claim by first explaining things that Sociologist Min-Hsiung Huang discovered. He then explains how whites have been scoring higher than other races this affects chances of them gettingRead MoreStereotypes in School517 Words   |  2 PagesStereotypes in school can affect student and their education. Wr iter, Shankar Vedantam, in his article, â€Å" How a Self-Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance,† explains the effects of stereotypes and how other races handle them. He supports his claim by explaining to the audience what a beast is, and how the answer depends on who is asking the question. He then explains how he eventually came to understand that minorities do better when they work with their own race and are not reminded ofRead MoreStereotypes in Our School637 Words   |  3 Pagesdone research at our school that supports the idea that many people experience stereotypes, and are affected by them. Author and Scientific Journalist, Shankar Vedantam, in his article â€Å"How a Self-Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance,† Explains that If people are stereotyped, they can start to embody the stereotypes made about them without realizing it, which could lead to a degradation in their performance, because of the negative self image caused by these st ereotypes. He supports thisRead MoreStereotypes at my school649 Words   |  3 PagesStereotypes in school can affect students and their education. We did some research about stereotypes at our school, Point Loma High, but first we read â€Å"How a Self-Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance,† by Shankar Vedantam. He argues that how being a stereotype can bring down someones work performance. He supports his claim by first explaining that on a standardized vocabulary test, black people on average scored a 5.49 out of 10 questions correctly and white people answered 6.33 correctlyRead MoreThe Situation of Stereotypes in High Schools557 Words   |  2 PagesStereotypes in our society can be a major problem, but can be an extremely big problem to teenagers. In my school, stereotypes has a wide range of impact to our students. In our class we had read an article based on stereotypes.Writer and musician, Shankar Vedantam, in his article, â€Å"How a Self-Fulfilling St ereotype Can Drag Down Performance,† claims that if you mention a person race they may have a lower performance on tests. He supports his claim by first explaining that when a person is testedRead MoreStereotypes at Point Loma High School609 Words   |  2 PagesOur class does research on the way stereotypes affect people in our school. We have interviewed 165 students. 79% of the people we interviewed were in 9th grade. The rest were evenly spread between 10th 11th and 12th grade. only 42% of our participants were female, while 58% were male. The majority of our interviewees identified themselves as white at 46%. 33% were hispanic or latino 7% were african american 4% were asian american 10% were other and 1% were native american. A majority of our participantsRead MoreStereotyping : Stereotypes And Stereotyping1494 Words   |  6 Pages In everyday life Stereotypes are used, they are directed towards ethnicity, gender, and education. â€Å"In ethnicity, we have the ideas that each race is a certain way† (Aronson. The impact of stereotypes). Here are a couple of examples for blacks, they all can run fast, and that they are all about the welfare system. â€Å"For Hispanics they are stereotyped as being crazy, loud, lazy, drug dealers, illegal immigrants, and slutty† (Typical stereotypes of Hispanics). The stereotypes of ethnicity is causingRead MoreHow Stereotypes Affect Teens699 Words   |  3 PagesStereotypes can be a problem in our society, but they are especially a problem for teenagers. At my school stereotypes impact a wide range of students. My class read â€Å"How a Self Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance,† by Writer and novelist, Shankar Vedantam. In his article he argues that telling people about their race before an exam will hurt their performance. He supports his claim by providing statistics on the average test scores of blacks compared to whites. He then explains thatRead MoreHow a Self-Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance by Shankar Vedantam657 Words   |  3 Pages Shankar Vedantam, author of Hidden Brain and NPR science correspondent informs and advocates for equality in the education system in his article â€Å"How a Self-Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance† published in the Washington Post (2009). Vedantam begins his article by interacting with the audience while he asks a question,and he cites Sociologist Min-Hsuing Huang’s research on the influence that the environment has on a minority. Huang found out that: reminding minorities of their raceRead MoreSummary Of Stereotypes In The Little Rock Nine873 Words   |  4 Pages Stereotypes Stereotypes, people who put other people into a category that they think they belong in. Individuals should be able to be themselves without being focused to be something they are not. Stereotypes the dictionary defines as  ¨a simplified and standardized conception or image invested with special meaning and held in common by members of a group. ¨ Words that are synonyms are  ¨pattern†, â€Å"custom†, and â€Å"average. ¨ Other words that are antonyms are, â€Å"same† and â€Å"alike. ¨ Stereotypes are people

The Cons of the Death Penalty Essay - 467 Words

The Cons of the Death Penalty â€Å"†¦Over 600 people were falsely convicted and 35 faced death for crimes that they did not commit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Johnson). The death penalty is an ineffective and expensive way of dealing justice to the American people. It is easier and cheaper to send someone to prison for life than to have them face the death penalty and be executed. Capital punishment is an unnecessary punishment because criminals are already managed at prisons. 69 The death penalty can lead to the death of innocent people. For example, â€Å"†¦According to a new study, serious errors occur in almost 70% of all trials leading to the death penalty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Leibman). This shows that if 100 people were put on death row, 70 would have serious mistakes in their†¦show more content†¦The lack of proper resources during a trial can make the difference between the innocence and guilt of a person. The death penalty does not always show the innocence or guilt of a person. It shows how much he or she is willing to spend to help the trial go his or her way. The death penalty is an unfair system to those who cannot afford the â€Å"evidence† they need to help free them. 224 The death penalty is a corrupt form of legal justice. For example, â€Å"†¦Defendants in about one-third of the Texas cases were represented at trial by an attorney who had been or later was suspended or otherwise sanctioned†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Leibman). This use of fraudulent attorneys in a case can lead to enough inaccuracies in the evidence to wrongfully execute a person. This action is against the constitutional right given to us of equal justice for all. In addition, â€Å"†¦One of you two is gonna hang for this. Since youre the nigger, youre elected†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Texas Police Officer). A Texas police officer said this to 2 men, one black and one white that were connected to the murder of a 17-year-old girl. Race plays a big part in the sentence of guilty or innocent. However, supporters of the death penalty claim â€Å"†¦that it enforces the laws by issuing strict punishment to the offenders†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (President George Bush). The deathShow MoreRelatedPros And Con s Of The Death Penalty789 Words   |  4 Pages Death Penalty The death penalty has been a debated topic for decades. Many people believe that it serves justice to the person being executed, while others think that it does no good for either party. However, I believe the three most outstanding topics surround the death penalty are the cost of death vs. life in prison, attorney quality, and irrevocable mistakes. The first topic surrounding the death penalty is the cost of death vs. life in prison. This is a bigRead MoreDeath Penalty Pros and Cons1636 Words   |  7 Pages Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty The death penalty is a legal process whereby a person is put to death as a punishment for a crime. The death penalties are usually carried out for retribution of a heinous murder committed, such as aggravated murder, felony killing or contract killing. Every state handles what method they want to use to put a person to death according to their state laws. The death penalty is given by lethal injection, electrocution; gas chamber firing squad and hanging areRead MoreDeath Penalty Pros And Cons1501 Words   |  7 Pagesthe death penalty. What laws have the Supreme Court recognized that warrant the death penalty as being cruel and unusual punishment. What are the pros and cons of the death penalty, death penalty vs. life incarceration from a financial standpoint, the death penalty is it a deterrent where crime is concerned, states that have the death penalty, the state with the highest number of death row inmates the state with the lowest, mentally ill and mental retardation, juveni les, women and the death penaltyRead MorePros And Cons Of The Death Penalty1435 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Death Penalty (DP), being also known as capital punishment, capital offence and corporal punishment, is a sentence of death imposed on a convicted criminal (1); this essay will use all the terms interchangeably. The DP breaches two fundamental human rights, namely the right to life and the right to live free from torture; both rights are protected under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted by the United Nations in 1948, which contains a list of each human rightsRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty915 Words   |  4 PagesThe Death Penalty is the punishment of execution to someone who legally by court of law convicted a capital crime. In the United States of America this is mainly used for aggravated murder. Additionally this means that the murder has circumstances that are severe. For instance it was planned murder, intentionally killed below the age of 13, killed someone while serving term in prison, killed a law officer, and killed someone or ill egally terminated a person’s pregnancy while in the process of committingRead MoreDeath Penalty Pros Cons2512 Words   |  11 PagesTop 10 Pros and Cons Should the death penalty be allowed? The PRO and CON statements below give a five minute introduction to the death penalty debate. (Read more information about our one star to five star Theoretical Credibility System) 1. Morality 2. Constitutionality 3. Deterrence 4. Retribution 5. Irrevocable Mistakes 6. Cost of Death vs. Life in Prison 7. Race 8. Income Level 9. Attorney Quality 10. Physicians at Execution PRO Death Penalty CON Death Penalty 1. Morality PRO:Read MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty1331 Words   |  6 PagesThe death penalty has always been an issue or debate in the United States, typically being asked if it should be illegal or not. As of right now there are thirty-one states, including Ohio in which I live, that still use the death penalty as it is illegal in the rest. There are many supporters of it, there is also a huge amount of opposition. There are things included in both sides that can make the argument harder to be one-sided but I believe that the death penalty should be legal throughout theRead MorePros And Cons Of The Death Penalty1348 Words   |  6 Pagesmost shocking, the death penalty. The death penalty, also referred to as capital punishment, was first introduced in the form of hanging hundreds of years ago when America was first established. Now, the most common way of execution proves to be death by lethal injection. For hundreds of years, people have argued over whether or not the general i dea of capital punishment stands morally correct. Many have also debated if anyone holds the right to end another’s life. The death penalty, morally wrong andRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty844 Words   |  4 PagesThe death penalty takes the saying of â€Å"An eye for an eye† to a whole new level. From a very young age, everyone has been taught the undeniable truth that murder is wrong. So what makes capital punishment alright? Just because someone did something wrong, that doesn’t mean that person can legally be killed, as we are all human, and we all make mistakes. In the United States, 31 states allow this punishment (Sherman). Christopher Wilkins, Terry Darnell Edwards, and Rolando Ruiz are some of the manyRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty948 Words   |  4 PagesDeath is something that a lot of people think about, but do people think about the Death Penalty? Having been given the death penalty means that someone is going to b e put to death by a lethal injection or an electric chair; There are more ways, but the injection and the electric chair are the most used. There are many different opinions surrounding the idea of death penalties; which some people think the death penalty should be used more and some believe the complete opposite. There are two main

Barriers Iin Communication Free Essays

The Grapevine Grapevine is Informal Communication in general is exchange of information, a discussion that adheres less to the rules and standards. it is on the dimension of the Project Communication Management. For example, a Project Sponsor might have a meeting with the Project Manager to discuss about the progress of the project and can give much better feedback that another type of communication (other types may include emails, hard copy reports etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Barriers Iin Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now ). Informal Communication is more effective for discussing sensitive information in a project.Four types of informal communications have been identified: (i) Single strand: In single strand network the individual communicates with the other individual through intervening persons. In other words each person tell s the other in sequence, one tells one. (ii) Gossip: In gossip one individual tells others on a non-selective basis, one tells all. (iii) Probability: In probability the individual tells other individuals randomly according to the law of probability. (iv) Cluster: In cluster type network the individual communicates with only those individuals whom he trusts.Research shows that out of the four, cluster chain is the most popular form of informal communication. It is not possible to establish a particular type of informal communication in an organisation. However attempts may be made indirectly to influence the result of informal communication. Keith Davis has found certain predictable forms of informal communication which can be of great use to the management in this respect. For instance individuals talk most when news is recent they talk about things which affect their work, and they talk about people they know.In addition people who are working with each other and who contact each other in the formal chain are likely to be on the same grapevine. It should be recognised that informal communication is as important as the informal organisation and that it is not identical with false rumour. Therefore, the management can profitably utilise the informal system in the attainment of organisation goals. According to Robbins, the grapevine in an organization has three significant characteristics. ? It is not controlled by formal management. ? Most employees perceive it to be more believable and reliable than formal communication issued by top management. It is largely used for the self-interests of the people within the organization. 17 Answer 8. (e) Guide to Effective Listening 1. Listen patiently to what the other person has to say even though you may believe it to be wrong or irrelevant. Indicate simple acceptance (not necessarily agreement) nodding your head or perhaps interjecting an occasional â€Å"um-hm† or â€Å"I see. † 2. Try to understand the feeling the person is expressing as well as the intellectual content. Most of us have difficulty talking clearly about our feelings. So careful attention is required. 3.Restate the person’s feelings briefly but accurately. At this stage you simply serve as a mirror and encourage the other person to continue talking. Occasionally make summary responses such as you think you are in a dead-end job but in doing so keep your tone neutral and try not to lead the person to your pet conclusions. 4. Avoid direct questions and arguments about facts refrain from saying, â€Å"That is just not so,† â€Å"Hold on a minute let’s look at the facts,† or â€Å"Prove it. † You may want to review the evidence later, but a review is irrelevant to how the person feels now. . Allow time for the discussion to continue without interruption and try to separate the conversation from mere official communication of company plans. That is, don’t make the conversation any more â€Å"authoritative† than it already is by virtue of your position in the organisation. 6. When the other person does touch upon a point you do want to know more about, simply repeat statements as a question. For instance, if he remarks, ‘nobody can break even on his expense account’, you can probe by replying, and â€Å"You say no one breaks even on expenses?With this encouragement he will probably expand on his previous statement. 7. Listen for what is not said evasions for pertinent points or perhaps too ready agreement with common cliches. Such an omission may be a clue to a bothersome fact the person wishes was not true. 8. If the other person appears genuinely to want your view point, be honest in your reply. But at the listening stage try to limit the expression of your views, since these may condition or repress what the other person says. 9. Don’t get emotionally involved yourself. Try simply to understand first and defer evaluation until later. 0. Listen â€Å"between the lines. † A person does not always put everything that is important into words. The changing tones and volume of his voice may have a meaning. So may his facial expression the gestures he makes with his hands and the movements of his body. 11. Better results can be achieved if the superior gives less emphasis to explaining and more emphasis to listening. 18 Answer 8. (f) Communication Feedback When individuals work together and interact the need to communicate effectively their feelings, impressions and views on various matters becomes important.Equally important is how these are received. When we communicate our reactions and perceptions to a person, especially regarding his behaviour, style of working. We call it feedback. Feedback, in simple terms, is the communication of feelings and perceptions by an individual to another individual about the latter’s behaviour and style of working. Such interpersonal feedback is involved in everyday life in various situations; for example, the boss sits with his subordinate and gives him necessary counselling about his achievements his strengths as well as areas in which he can improve further.We tell our peers what we think about their style and ways of behaviour so that they may be able to benefit from such communication. A subordinate may also do the same. If his boss pulled him up in the presence of others he may go and tell him how bad he felt about such a happening. This may help the boss to improve his ways of communicating such matters to his subordinates. The main function of giving feedback is to provide data about a person’s style of behaviour and its effect on others.Such data can be verified by the individual by either collecting more data from other sources or by checking some aspects with others. The feedback also provides several alternatives to the individual out of which he can choose one or two to experiment on. Interpersonal feedback contributes to the improvement of communication between two persons involved in feedback through the establishment of a culture of openness and promoting interpersonal trust. Continuous feedback will help in establishing norms of being open. Similarly, receiving of feedback fulfils several purposes.It primarily helps the individual (one who receives feedback) to process behavioural data he has received from others (the perceptions and feelings people have communicated to him about the effect of his behaviour on them). It helps him to have better awareness of his own self and behaviour. Getting information about how his behaviour is perceived and what impact it makes on others, increases his sensitivity, his ability to pickup cues from the environment that indicate what perceptions and feelings people have about his behaviour. How to cite Barriers Iin Communication, Papers

Nursing for Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theNursing for Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing. Answer: Introduction Every day we face various challenges in our life. When we are at our workplace carrying out our activities we come across them. All these form part of an endless learning cycle when we finally overcome the challenges. According to Crisp, Douglas Rebeiro (2016), any position that one may be in an organizations hierarchy always comes with a number of challenges. A managers work in a clinical facility is a demanding job with overwhelming responsibility according to Managed Healthcare Executives 2016 State of the Industry Survey. Newly recruited employees with little experience also have many obstacles in their career path too. These challenges as earlier stated can be overcome. (Crisp, Douglas Rebeiro, 2016). Strategies for Each of the Leadership Challenges Identified. I noted that the experienced staffs were intimidating the new staff. They appeared impolite and demeaned the junior counterparts. As the leader one has reorganize and develop team building. This helps all to learn that they are part of the larger organization. Crisp, Douglas Rebeiro, (2016) explain that The staffs that have served for long period of time often want their effort to be recognized in a special way (p.71). In the spirit of team work, their effort together with those other employees shall be seen to have a pivotal role in the success of the organization. This will help end intimidation from the experienced employees. When the veteran employees show unwelcoming and negative attitude towards nurturing the inexperienced, this is a challenge to the leadership. Long serving employees attach a lot of value to their experience. They would always want this to be recognized. The organization should appreciate these individuals depending on their personal inclination; some would feel appreciated by being offered incentives which could be in form of job promotions (Crisp, Douglas Rebeiro, 2016). Given the fractured employee relations, the inexperienced are carried away and focus more on their predicament. This made them to fail to recognize the learning opportunities available. We learn that no matter how sour our relations would be with our bosses and supervisors, given their experience we still have a lot more to learn from them. Its high time people learn to separate, and deal with issues rather than persons. At times peoples emotion override and the only weapon would be to uphold professionalism. To always be ready to ask with an intention to know. To endeavor to learn from the seniors despite what come may (Tan, 2017). High staff turnover is a problem experienced in many organizations including hospital set up. It is said that change is good as rest. It therefore means it is unavoidable. High rates of staff turnover, directly affects the productivity (Crisp, Douglas Rebeiro, 2016).The leader should then identify the reasons why workers are departing so as to come up with a retention strategy. Many employees are likely to leave if they are offered a better pay elsewhere. It is therefore important to ensure that the employees packages match their counterparts elsewhere to avoid losing them on such a ground. One can conduct salary survey to help get feedback from the employees so as to make sound judgments on their salary packages (Crisp, Douglas Rebeiro, 2016). Some clinical facilities have too much work load for their employees. This is as a result of fewer numbers of staff that is not proportional to the workload of the facility. The staff becomes overworked and left with little or no time for recreation. This makes their work boring and tiresome. Some duties performed by the clinic staff e.g. laboratory technicians, drug prescriptions etc require accuracy and precision, therefore tasking the mental capacity. The staff should be given the recommended work load so as also to increase productivity. The number of hours that they work should also be checked to avoid overworking employees (Crisp, J., Douglas Rebeiro, 2016). Employee motivation has worked against many organizations. Health workers have not been left out either. Having a lucrative package in exchange to a highly productive staff does not guarantee productivity from the employee. (Edvardsson, Watt Pearce, 2017). Other factors play part as well. A poorly motivated health worker may not deliver much. Given the brain intensive work in the clinics, some employers have opted to have increase the day offs of employees, in an effort to give time to recuperate. Day care facilities may be started to take care of the staffs children at the expense of the facility. Fitness rooms may be set up within the facility and the staffs given the privilege of free services (Sloane, 2016). Other options that may be explored is giving discounts on services received by employees e.g. travelling, medical care among others Personal development is a sticky issue that every individual fights with. Nobody would wish to remain in their current positions forever. Individuals that are high performing endeavor to grow and develop professionally. In order to fulfill their dreams as a leader, it is important to constantly meet the staff and discuss their career plan. One may offer in-service training programmes to sharpen the skills of your employees. Knowledge advance day and night and this is the only to be at par with the current issues that are in line with ones profession (Berthelsen Frederickson, 2017) When a new member joins an organization no matter how ironed out issues may be, some challenges are always faced (Caruso, 2016). The new member may have difficulty in internalizing the culture and way of operation of the new organization. Meeting a new boss, a different supervisor and unfamiliar environment may take a little time to cope with. Leaders should assign other employees to orient the new employees so as to familiarize themselves with the operations in the new work station. Conclusion The challenges faced in organizations are only to make us smarter thinkers. We learn how to go about the problems we face by offering solutions and not avoiding nor dodging them. We make better decisions after challenges have rocked us preparing us to be better leaders and learners (Colet, 2017). In health care therefore, it is important for individuals to be critical thinkers. Critical thinking is very important in health sector. It can help nurse for instance to prioritize or arrange patients in the order they can receive treatment especially in circumstances where health experts handling the patients are few. In addition to critical thinking, the organization needs to motivate employees. Employee motivation is one of the most important elements an organization can use to ensure that service delivery is improved. A motivated employee tends to be productive. However it is important to note that motivation if note done fairly and properly can also lead to devastating negative effects on the part of service delivery in the health sector (Crisp, Douglas Rebeiro, 2016). Works Cited Edvardsson, D., Watt, E., Pearce, F. (2017). Patient experiences of caring and person?centredness are associated with perceived nursing care quality. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 73(1), 217-227. Berthelsen, C. B., Frederiksen, K. (2017). Orchestrating care through the fast-track perspective: A qualitative content analysis of the provision of individualised nursing care in orthopaedic fast-track programmes. International Journal of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing, 24, 40-49. Tan, F. E., (2017). Innovative Nursing Homes, Promoting Activities and Social Interaction for People With Dementia. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 18(1), 40-46. Colet, P. (2017). Health care perspectives among baccalaureate nursing students in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education Today, 49, 156-162. Barton-Burke, M., Ciccolini, K., Mekas, M., Burke, S. (2017). Dermatologic reactions to targeted therapy: A focus on epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors and nursing care. Nursing Clinics of North America, 52(1), 83-113. Xiao, S., Widger, K., Tourangeau, A., Berta, W. (2017). Nursing Process Health Care Indicators: A Scoping Review of Development Methods. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 32(1), 32-39. Bragadttir, H., Kalisch, B. J., Tryggvadttir, G. B. (2017). Correlates and predictors of missed nursing care in hospitals. Journal of clinical nursing. Martsolf, G. R., Gordon, T., May, L. W., Mason, D., Sullivan, C., Villarruel, A. (2016). Innovative nursing care models and culture of health: Early evidence. Nursing outlook, 64(4), 367-376. Caruso, R. (2016). Hospitalised heart failure patients: what is behind their satisfaction with nursing care?. In European Journal of Heart Failure (Vol. 18, pp. 252-252). Sloane, D. M. (2016). Unmet Nursing Care Linked to Re-hospitalizations Among Older Black AMI Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study of US Hospitals. Medical care, 54(5), 457-465. Quinn, P. D., Hur, K., Chang, Z., Krebs, E. E., Bair, M. J., Scott, E. L., ... D'onofrio, B. M. (2017). Incident and long-term opioid therapy among patients with psychiatric conditions and medications: a national study of commercial health care claims. Pain, 158(1), 140-148. Gomes, L. M. X., Andrade Barbosa, T. L. D., Vieira, L. J. T., Castro, K. P. A. N., Caldeira, A. P., Torres, H. D. C., Viana, M. B. (2017). Effectiveness of an educational programme about sickle cell disease in the form of active methodologies among community health agents and nursing technicians of primary care in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Paediatrics and international child health, 37(1), 56-62. Crisp, J., Douglas, C., Rebeiro, G. (2016). Potter Perry's Fundamentals of Nursing (5th ed.). Mosby Australia: Reed International.

Stage Art Workshop Essay Example For Students

Stage Art Workshop Essay 1. The Aim of the Project The project offers a course of study in stage craft that encompasses acting and scenography, respectively. The aim is to train theatre artists who can combine skills, knowledge and methods from conceptual visual art with skills, techniques and methods from classical and contemporary theatre. The workshop requires the participants to be involved in complex, experimental theatre studies/applications, and to continuously train their skills. The participants are expected to develop a strong awareness with respect to methods in relation to a multitude of production processes. It is an important goal to educate individuals who can work both in ensembles and as independent artists. Participants are expected to develop a well-thought-out and analytical attitude to the theatre in its different forms. We will write a custom essay on Stage Art Workshop specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 2. The Artistic Profile of the Project The artistic profile of the workshop is inspired by international theatre arts in which the perception of images, space, sound and bodily awareness are central elements. Theatre forms that experiment with classical drama and crossover art forms are used through the utilization of the Self-Science Method of Acting, Strasbergs the Method and other established stage art techniques to develop an understanding of the challenges facing theatre art in contemporary society. It is will focus on different forms of interaction between scenography (space) and acting (human beings and their actions), likewise on creating genuine artistic collaboration between participants and challenging meetings between theatre artists and participants on different forms and artistic traditions. 3. The Stage Art Workshop The aim of the course is to train actors who can perform precise body, voice and animation based functions, portray characters, work with objects and take part in directed visual compositions. The acting workshop trains actors to work independently on future theatre productions and to interpret roles or role functions in productions directed by directors, choreographers or other theatre artists. 4. The Module The main mission of the workshop is to learn the basics of Stage Art. The Groups aim is to ensure that participants will know that drama is an excellent method of instruction to understand the certain intelligence of different individuals nevertheless participants can as well remain updated with respect to national and international developments in the theatre arts. The Module is based on unconventionally-designed Stage Art Workshop process. The other vital module components: skills, technical workshops and production are based on practical, experience-based learning, and the study plans priorities and specification of subjects indicates which learning processes participants are expected to undergo. The components methods are more theoretical and are therefore assessed on the basis of active participation and reflection. References to literature, video material, websites, visual art catalogues, films, music and other relevant references are supplied by the group for the different periods of study/workshop. This module was developed as part of the subject in improvisation with the youth in Legazpi City. The framework and foundation for this module is Daniel Golemans Emotional Intelligence And Ana Valdez-Lims book Workshop a Manual on Acting. Some of the plans have been implemented with adults and children. Other plans are theoretical and await pilot instruction. This module is distributed as a service in the field of drama/theatre education. The plan is written for the theater arts specialists, but can be implemented by educators of other content areas. 5. The Target Group The target group consists of Entabladong Hubad members, with an interest in the arts and theatre and who wish to learn the science and methods of stage art. Previous experience of theatre and performance is normally considered an advantage, but it is not a precondition for participating. .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3 , .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3 .postImageUrl , .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3 , .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3:hover , .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3:visited , .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3:active { border:0!important; } .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3:active , .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3 .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub19ac0e86189c937cc280cb030dc4bb3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bring On The Cheesecake Essay6. The Content and Structure of the Workshop The workshop consists of four main modules. These are divided into study areas to be learned during defined periods of study. For each period of study, participants are expected to prepare themselves by reading up on literature, video, websites and other relevant learning material. In some study periods, the participants will be given specific tasks, which will form the basis for approval of the period of study.

Quotes From Leo Tolstoys Classic Anna Karenina

Quotes From Leo Tolstoy's Classic 'Anna Karenina' Anna Karenina  has long been considered one of the greatest works in  world literature. First published in 1877, the Russian classic was inspired by a tragic incident that author Leo Tolstoy witnessed. The lengthy novel spans a wide breadth  of subject matter, including love, infidelity, and death. Get better acquainted with its themes with the following quotes, or revisit Anna Karenina if youve read the novel already but havent done so recently. This expansive novel is divided into several different books. Excerpts From Book  1 Book 1, Chapter 1 Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. Book 1, Chapter 9 The place where [Kitty] stood seemed to him a holy shrine, unapproachable, and there was one moment when he was almost retreating, so overwhelmed was he with terror. He had to make an effort to master himself, and to remind himself that people of all sorts were moving about her, and that he too might come there to skate. He walked down, for a long while avoiding looking at her as at the sun, but seeing her, as one does the sun, without looking. Book 1, Chapter 12 The French fashion - of the parents arranging their childrens future - was not accepted; it was condemned. The English fashion of the complete independence of girls was also not accepted, and not possible in Russian society. The Russian fashion of matchmaking by the officer of intermediate persons was for some reason considered disgraceful; it was ridiculed by everyone, and by the princess herself. But how girls were to be married, and how parents were to marry them, no one knew. Book 1, Chapter 15 I see a man who has serious intentions, thats Levin; and I see a peacock, like this featherhead, whos only amusing himself. Book 1, Chapter 18 And as soon as her brother had reached her, [Anna] flung her left arm around his neck and drew him rapidly to her, and kissed him warmly, with a gesture that struck Vronsky by its decision and its grace. Vronsky gazed, never taking his eyes from her, and smiled, he could not have said why. But recollecting that his mother was waiting for him, he went back again into the carriage. Book 1, Chapter 28 Ive been the cause of that ball being a torture to her instead of a pleasure. But truly, truly its not my fault, or only my fault a little bit, she said, daintily drawling the words a little bit. Passages From Book 2 Book 2, Chapter 4 The highest Petersburg society is essentially one: in it everyone knows everyone else, everyone even visits everyone else. Book 2, Chapter 7 Steps were heard at the door, and Princess Betsy, knowing it was Madame Karenina, glanced at Vronsky. He was looking toward the door, and his face wore a strange new expression. Joyfully, intently, and at the same time timidly, he gazed at the approaching figure, and slowly he rose to his feet. Book 2, Chapter 8 Alexey Alexandorivich had seen nothing striking or improper in the fact that his wife was sitting with Vronsky at a separate table, in eager conversation with him about something. But he noticed that to the rest of the party this appeared to be something striking and improper. He made up his mind that he must speak of it to his wife.   Book 2, Chapter 21 She flew over the ditch as though not noticing it. She flew over it like a bird; but at the same instant Vronsky, to his horror, felt that he had failed to keep up with the mares pace, that he had, he did not know how, made a fearful, unpardonable mistake, in recovering his seat in the saddle. All at once his position had shifted and he knew something awful had happened. Book 2, Chapter 25 He vividly recalled all the constantly recurring instances of inevitable necessity for lying and deceit, which were so against his natural bent. He recalled particularly vividly the shame he had more than once detected in her at this necessity for lying and deceit. And he experienced the strange feeling that had sometimes come upon him since his secret love for Anna. This was a feeling of loathing for something - whether for Aleksey Alexandrovich, or for himself, or for the whole world, he could not have said. But he always drove away this strange feeling. Now, too, he shook it off and continued the thread of his thoughts. Highlights From Book 3 Book 3, Chapter 1 To Konstantin, the peasant was simply the chief partner in their common labor. Book 3, Chapter 5 The longer Levin mowed, the oftener he felt the moments of unconsciousness in which it seemed that the scythe was mowing by itself, a body full of life and consciousness of its own, and as though by magic, without thinking of it, the work turned out regular and precise by itself. These were the most blissful moments.   Book 3, Chapter 12 He could not be mistaken. There were no other eyes like those in the world. There was only one creature in the world who could concentrate for him all the brightness and meaning of life. It was she. It was Kitty. Book 3, Chapter 23 I want you not to meet that man here, and to conduct yourself so that neither the world nor the servants can reproach you...not to see him. Thats not much, I think. And in return you will enjoy all the privileges of a faithful wife without fulfilling her duties. Thats all I have to say to you. Now its time for me to go. Im not dining at home. He got up and moved toward the door. Book 3, Chapter 32 Levin said what he had genuinely been thinking of late. He saw nothing but death or the advance toward death in everything. But his cherished scheme only engrossed him all the more. Life had to be got through somehow till death did come. Darkness had fallen, upon everything for him; but just because of this darkness he felt that the one guiding clue in the darkness was his work, and he clutched it and clung to it with all his strength. Quotes From Books 4 and 5 Book 4, Chapter 1 The Kareninas, husband and wife, continued living in the same house, met every day, but were complete strangers to one another. Aleksey Aleksandrovich made it a rule to see his wife every day, so that the servants might have no grounds for suppositions, but avoided dining at home. Vronsky was never at Aleksey Aleksandrovichs house, but Anna saw him away from home, and her husband was aware of it. Book 4, Chapter 13 Levin got up and escorted Kitty to the door. In their conversation everything had been said; it had been said that she loved him and that she would tell her father and mother that he would come tomorrow morning. Book 4, Chapter 23 Oh, why didnt I die? It would have been better! Book 5, Chapter 1 What doubt can you have of the Creator when you behold His creation? the priest went on in the rapid customary jargon. Who has decked the heavenly firmament with its stars? Who has clothed the earth in its beauty? How could it be without the Creator? he said, looking inquiringly at Levin. Book 5, Chapter 18 Levin could not look calmly at his brother; he could not himself be natural and calm in his presence. When he went in to the sick man, his eyes and his attention were unconsciously dimmed, and he did not see and did not distinguish the details of his brothers condition. He smelled the awful odor, saw the dirt, disorder, and miserable condition, and heard the groans, and felt that nothing could be done to help. It never entered his head to analyze the details of the sick mans situation. Book 5, Chapter 18 But Kitty thought, and felt, and acted quite differently. On seeing the sick man, she pitied him. And pity in her womanly heart did not arouse at all that feeling of horror and loathing that it aroused in her husband, but a desire to act, to find out the details of his condition, and to remedy them. Book 5, Chapter 20 In spite of death, he felt the need for life and love. He felt that love saved him from despair, and that this love, under the threat of despair, had become still stronger and purer. The one mystery of death, still unsolved, had scarcely passed before his eyes, when another mystery had arisen, as insoluble, calling to love and to life. The doctor confirmed his suspicion about Kitty. Her indisposition was pregnancy. Book 5, Chapter 33 Hideous! As long as I live I shall never forget it. She said it was a disgrace to sit beside me. Selections From Book 6 Book 6, Chapter 16 And they attack Anna. What for? Am I any better? I have, anyway, a husband I love - not as I would like to love him, still I do love him, while Anna never loved hers. How is she to blame? She wants to live. God has put that in our hearts. Very likely I should have done the same. Book 6, Chapter 18 The one thing, darling, is that I am so glad to have you! said Anna, kissing her again. You havent told me yet how and what you think about me, and I keep wanting to know. But Im glad you will see me as I am. Above all, I wouldnt want people to think that I want to prove anything. I dont want to prove anything; I merely want to live. Book 6, Chapter 25 And he set off for the elections without appealing to her for a candid explanation. It was the first time since the beginning of their intimacy that he had parted from her without a full explanation. From one point of view this troubled him, but on the other hand he felt that it was better so. At first there will be, as this time, something undefined kept back, and then she will get used to it. In any case, I can give up anything for her, but not my independence, he thought. Book 6, Chapter 32 And though she felt sure that his love for her was waning, there was nothing she could do, she could not in any way alter her relations to him. Just as before, only by love and by charm could she keep him. And so, just as before, only by occupation in the day, by morphine at night, could she stifle the fearful thought of what would be if he ceased to love her. Excerpts From Book 7 and 8 Book 7, Chapter 10 Tell your wife that I love her as before, and that if she cannot pardon me my position, then my wish for her is that she may never pardon it. To pardon it, one must go through what I have gone through, and may God spare her that. Book 7, Chapter 11 An extraordinary woman! Its not her cleverness, but she has such wonderful depth of feeling. Im awfully sorry for her. Book 7, Chapter 11 Youre in love with that hateful woman; she has bewitched you! I saw it in your eyes. Yes, yes! What can it all lead to? You were drinking at the club, drinking and gambling, and then you went. Book 7, Chapter 26 Now nothing mattered: going or not going to Vozdvizhenskoe, getting or not getting a divorce from her husband. All that did not matter. The only thing that mattered was punishing him. When she poured out her usual dose of opium, and thought that she had only to drink off the whole bottle to die, it seemed to her so simple and easy that she began musing with enjoyment on how he would suffer, and repent and love her memory when it would be too late. Book 7, Chapter 31 But she did not take her eyes from the wheels of the second car. And exactly at the moment when the midpoint between the wheels drew level with her, she threw away the red bag, and drawing her head back into her shoulders, fell on her hands under the car, and with a light movement, as though she would rise immediately, dropped on her knees. And at the instant she was terror-stricken at what she was doing. Where am I? What am I doing? What for? She tried to get up, to throw herself back; but something huge and merciless struck her on the head and dragged her down on her back. Book 8, Chapter 10 But now, since his marriage, when he had begun to confine himself more and more to living for himself, though he experienced no delight at all at the thought of the work he was doing, he felt absolutely convinced of its necessity, saw that it succeeded far better than in the past, and that it kept on growing more and more. Book 8, Chapter 14 Just as the bees, whirling round him, now menacing him and distracting his attention, prevented him from enjoying complete physical peace, forced him to restrain his movements to avoid them, so had the petty cares that had swarmed about him from the moment he got into the trap restricted his spiritual freedom; but that lasted only so long as he was among them. Just as his bodily strength was still unaffected in spite of the bees, so too was the spiritual strength that he had just become aware of.

The Family and the Dignity of Women Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Family and the Dignity of Women - Assignment Example Human trafficking is a market driven industry whose operation depends on the market principles of supply and demand. The human traffickers generate billions of revenues yearly through victimization acts. 2. Pope Francis (2013) EvangeliiGaudium Ch. II: #66-67;70,74,75;103,104;CH.IV: #211-214. Retrieved from [Accessed 18th January 2015] Pope Francis in chapter two #66-67 points out of the cultural crisis that is facing the family as well as the communities as a whole. He states that the family is the fundamental pillar of the society. Through family, people learn how to live and tolerate each other despite the differences that may be in existence. Pope Francis attributes the crisis that is threatening family bonds to the individualistic lifestyle of the globalized era. In #70, 74 and75, Pope Francis calls for evangelization activities that will put emphasis on new ways of relating to God, to others and the world at large. He also discusses the issue of human trafficking, narcotics trade, exploitation of the minority and other social evils. The Pope advocates for the proclamation of the gospel as a basis of restoring human dignity. He also calls for a change in the family tendency to isolate and protect to that of connection and integration. In #103,104, Pope Francis acknowledges the role of women and their contribution to the society. The pope points out on the unique skills and capabilities many women possess and the contributions they make to the church. He proposes the creation of opportunities that will ensure greater inclusivity of women in the church and pastoral activities. Pope Francis also demands that the legitimate rights of women be respected and that the equality of men and women in the church is paramount. Pope Francis in Chapter IV, #211-214 addresses the issue of human trafficking and the victims of the

It 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

It 1 - Essay Example Furthermore, experts in the IT sector require prior knowledge in business strategies and the technological sector. Therefore, IT management is about management because in all business entities, management usually involves togetherness to accomplish certain objectives using available resources. I think that IT experts have a clear understanding of the business better than other individuals in the business sector. In fact, IT experts have the ability to gain a better understanding of the business. It is quite clear that there is no other department in the business sector which interacts with diverse parties as compared to the IT sector. In fact, in the contemporary world, most activities usually require IT information and skills. This has been significantly attributed to the development in technology. Research asserts that business knowledge and technical knowledge should be merged together to improve the overall functioning of the company. If the business experts and the technological individuals share knowledge, communication can be enhanced significantly in the company. This affirms that the overall performance of a company can be improved by the business manager and the IT experts (Austin, Nolan, and O’Donnell 11). According to Barton, it is quite evident that business knowledge and technical knowledge should be merged together. According to the context, the capability gap is depicted by two hills and a valley between them. One of the hills represents the executive side while the other side represents IT leaders. The executives are supposed to acquire enough understanding of a business to become effective IT experts. This capability gap is brought about by the fact that business executives lack knowledge in IT management. Lack of communication between the business executives and the IT department has also contributed to the capability gap. Barton explains that it is difficult to bridge the

Critical analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical analysis paper - Essay Example l innovations, which have been made to enhance communications such as use of Skype, cell phones, internet, cable television and text messaging, have isolated the young generation from the adults instead of bringing them closer. He believes that communication technology has highly confused the young adults. Throughout his book, Bauerlein argues that technology has stupefied the young people, who are using these devices to learn pop culture instead of searching important information on civil values, history and philosophy. Bauerlein explains the alarming trends, which the American youths have adopted because of technology. For instance, he uses statistics to show the increased levels of college and high school dropout cases, which have increased because of communication technology. Additionally, he explains that the levels of illiteracy have risen, with young adults disregarding traditional values and knowledge. Bauerlein explains that these trends have been caused by advancements in technology, which have seen the introduction of the digital era. He, however, blames mentors and educators, whom he claims to be advocates of technology to be the chief facilitators of the changes that are experienced among the young adults. He claims that teachers have betrayed the young generation because they do not emphasize the significance of traditional values and knowledge. â€Å"Blame also, the teachers, professors†¦ who will not insist on the value of knowledge and tradition, who will not judge cultural no velties by the high standards set by the past†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bauerlein 65). Bauerlein tries to explain how teachers have facilitated to societal failures by bringing up undisciplined learners. He argues that the form of education that teachers are offering and the teaching of digital media in schools is not sufficient to sustain the future of the young adults because it opposes traditional values. Additionally, Bauerlein claims that most educators encourage learners to establish their

The Importance Of Memory Continuity Philosophy Essay

The Importance Of Memory Continuity Philosophy Essay In this chapter I will demonstrate that memories are very important to our conception of ourselves and the identities of others, but are unreliable and not alone sufficient for ensuring the continuity of ones identity. I believe that more psychological elements are required in instances where memories are erroneous or have been forgotten. Consciousness is a difficult term to define though. Thomas Reid points out that we cannot be conscious of the past, as you can only ever be conscious of the present (Reid, p. 222). So perhaps Locke means it is our memories which make us the same person as we were yesterday. The problem with this is that I can remember what my flatmates were doing yesterday, but this does not make me identical with my flatmates. So it must only be first-person memory, from my own perspective, which demonstrates that I am identical with myself from yesterday. Joseph Butler objects that this results in a circular position, as having first-person memories implies my remembering that I performed those actions (Butler, p. 324). However, we can see that it would be possible for someone to wake up with amnesia, knowing what actions they had performed recently but with no idea who they are. Therefore, it is possible to separate first-person memory from identity. This is the position popularly attributed to Lo cke. But does this mean that I cease to be myself when I sleep, or that when I temporarily forget that I went cycling yesterday I am no longer the person who went cycling yesterday? Locke would not believe this to be the case. As long as I remembered when I was prompted or woken up then I would still be the same person. But what if I could not remember, even with prompting? For example, someone with Alzheimers disease may suffer loss of memory of recent events. There was also the case of David Fitzpatrick, who suffered a dissociative fugue at age 25, causing him to forget everything about his life before the fugue (Channel Fives The Man With No Past). As Lockes theory of identity related to the responsibility of the agent, Locke would have to say that David Fitzpatrick could not be held responsible for any of the actions, good or bad, he had carried out prior to his fugue. We are reluctant to accept that people are not responsible for actions they cannot recall committing. A distinction which needs to be drawn in Lockes position on accountability is the difference between being conscious of an action now and being conscious of it when it was being committed. For example, (sleepwalker?) was not convicted of the murder of his father because he committed the crime while asleep. Since he was clearly not conscious of the actions he was performing, he was not held responsible for them. However, someone who intentionally hurts many people and later forgets what he has done should not be deemed innocent. As this pertains to identity, we can see that there may be parts of our lives we can no longer recall. For example, most of us recall very little of our early childhood. Thomas Reid objects to this element of Lockes theory of identity with a famous example. A young boy is flogged for stealing apples, grows up to become an officer and later becomes a general. The officer remembered being flogged, and the general remembers being an officer, but the general does not remember being flogged. According to Locke this means the general is not the same person as he was as a child. Reid argues, however, that identity is transitive (Reid, p.249). This means that since the general remembers being an officer, and the officer remembers being flogged, the general is identical with the boy who was flogged, which means Lockes response is nonsensical. But identity is not necessarily transitive. For example, the cup by my bed was full last night but this morning it is empty. This does not mean that the cup I see this morning is different to the one that was there last night. Not all qualities must remain the same in order for people and objects to be the same over time. The only aspect which Locke says must be consistent is our consciousness. ( A huge problem with Lockes theory is the possibility that one may have memories which have become distorted over time, or altogether false. Memories are extremely fragile, and easily led by suggestions from others. For example, Locke explains that, in the case of one who falsely suffers guilt for someone elses crime, when we get to Heaven, God will ensure that the only memories we have and can be held responsible for are our own (Locke, p. 473). But in order for God to determine which memories are ours, he must be able to determine who we are. Locke is unable to explain how God determines this, and why we cannot use Gods criteria instead of Lockes flawed system. A similar problem for Locke is cases of amnesia, whereby a person forgets everything of their past. A new person may seem to emerge after the episode. But what if they later recovered their memory? Similarly, what happens to their old self during times of identity loss. Should we consider the old person to have died? But then when they return we could only consider them to have come back to life. So body needed to act as a kind of enclosure for the memories, allowing for some kind of continuity during times of memory or psychological loss. Tan Tai Wei states that the unreliability of memories means that we need more in order to assure ones identity. He claims that our bodies are necessary for the authentication of our memories. [http://www.springerlink.com/content/jm4072410n14l705/]. As demonstrated in previous chapters, the only important aspects of our body are the brain and our genetic make-up. Yet these do not seem to offer any reliable authentication of our memories. Instead, I believe that what we ourselves would deem important for the continuation of our identity is our psychology: our beliefs, opinions, attitudes and passions. J. Butler, Analogy of Religion, Harper and Brothers, New York, 1860. J. Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, (ed.) T. J. Cobden-Sanderson and J. F. Dove, Oxford University, Oxford, 1828. T. Reid, Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man, in: The Works of Thomas Reid, Vol. 1, (ed.) MacLaughlan and Stewart, Edinburgh, 1872. The Man With No Past 2006, television programme, Extraordinary People, Channel Five, UK, 15th November.

Communication Essay -- Verbal and Non Verbal Communication

Today many people still lack the ability to communicate effectively with in interpersonal relationships. It is through cooperation and collaboration that effective communication occurs. By analyzing and studying the communication process we can improve our ability to communicate effectively between one another. To have a successful interpersonal relationship one must first interact with others, which is called interpersonal communication (Hybels and Weaver pg.156). Recognizing emotions in other is a very important first step to building a relationship. If you can’t feel what someone else is feeling then you can’t connect with them on a personal level and that can hinder your relationship process. Interpersonal communication is important because of the functions it achieves. Whenever we engage in communication with another person, we seek to gain information about them. We also give off information through a wide variety of verbal and non-verbal cues. Verbal communication has huge effects on many aspects of life, including interpersonal relationships. Speaking and telling our needs and wants verbally or non-verbally is a necessity for daily life. Verbal communication is organized by language; non-verbal communication is not. Most of us spend about 75 percent of our waking hours communicating our knowledge, thoughts, and ideas to others (Allis, 2002). However, most of us fail to realize that a great deal of our communication is of a non-verbal form as opposed to the oral and written forms. Non-verbal communication includes facial expressions, eye contact, tone of voice, body posture and motions, and positioning within groups. It may also include the way we wear our clothes or the silence we keep. In person-to-person com... ... We can do this by conflict resolution, which is negotiating to find a solution to the conflict (Hybels, 2007 pg202). Depending on how a conflict is resolved it can produce a positive or negative result. For example if two sisters are fight over a dress to wear on the weekend, they have two choices: one wear the dress and the other one does not, which leaves one sister unhappy (negative outcome) or neither of them wear it, so both are satisfied and neither of them are jealous of the other (positive outcome). It also helps to take a positive approach to conflict resolution, where discussion is considerate and non-confrontational, and the heart of the matter is on issues rather than on individuals. If this is done, then, as long as people listen carefully and explore facts, issues and possible solutions properly, conflict can often be resolved effectively.

“Non-Compete Agreements in Action – Microsoft V. Google”

â€Å"Non-Compete Agreements in Action – Microsoft v. Google† Facts: †¢Controversial documents †¢Dr. Kai-Fu Lee joined Microsoft in 1998 to run company operations in China †¢Knowledge of company trade secrets †¢Quit Microsoft because he was moving to Google †¢When Lee was hired Microsoft made him sign a non-compete agreement †¢Microsoft sued Google and Lee over the non-compete agreement Issue: Does Microsoft have the right to have a non-compete agreement with Dr. Kai-Fu Lee? Discussion: In 2000, Microsoft moved to protect itself by requiring Dr. Kai-Fu Lee to sign a non-compete agreement. Notwithstanding this agreement, Lee quit in July, 2005 by notifying Microsoft that he was moving to Google, which resulted in a recent lawsuit that was filled by Microsoft against Google. Dr. Lee joined Microsoft in 1998 and was in charge of creating and running Microsoft branch operations in China. While at Microsoft Lee worked on Microsoft’s speech recognition system and was responsible for the overall development of the MSN Internet search program. In short, he has personal knowledge of company trade secrets including technology developments as well as business and marketing planning. The agreement that Microsoft required Lee to sign in 2000 was to forgo employment with any direct competitor of Microsoft. Conclusion: Non-Compete Agreements are controversial documents that restrict a person’s right to work with competitors of a former employer. The usefulness of one such non-compete agreement is on exhibit in a recent lawsuit filed by Microsoft against Google. In August of 2008 Microsoft and Google came to agreement after a Washington Court ruled that Microsoft has no right to require employees to sign non-Compete agreements because California has a Law called the Right to Work.

Medical Anthropology

Medical Anthropology Introduction The increased participation by medical anthropologists in medical research and public health in the recent past has seen medical anthropology become an important area of study among anthropologists. It is therefore not surprising that the increasing number of medical research projects and public health interventions that involve medical anthropologists or that are closely related to social science disciplines.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Anthropology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has also given rise to a powerful cooperation that now exists between anthropologists and health professionals. Despite their different ideologies, these two groups of people have been working hand in hand to lessen the effects of poverty (Pool Geissler, 2005). As a social science, medical anthropology addresses specific health issues and also seeks to build a broad, theoretical based understanding of what h ealth is, how it interacts with culture, the role of social relations in shaping disease, the importance of the health environment interface, and a range of other issues (Singer Baer, 2011). In spite of this, true relationship between the social sciences and medicine remains a challenge for a number of reasons. First, anthropology and biomedicine are based on different assumptions about fundamental issues such as the nature of social reality and how it should be studied. Second, medical research and public health are dominated by biomedicine and biomedical professionals often have a poor understanding of what anthropology is and what it has to offer. Third, anthropologists have always failed to communicate effectively with medical professionals and as a result they have been unable to make a convincing case for what anthropology has to offer. Consequently, there is often a need to mediate between these two groups of people with different disciplinary perspectives working towards th e same goal. This paper provides a discussion on the different theoretical perspectives in medical anthropology namely, ecological, interpretive, and critical perspectives. It also looks at how biomedicine relates to culture as well as medicalization of life in Brazil and its consequences.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Theoretical Perspectives in Medical Anthropology As is typical in science generally, medical anthropologists understand the world in certain ways. One of the influences on how a medical anthropologist approaches issues of health or illness is the particular theoretical framework or school of understanding employed. Although there are several such frameworks in medical anthropology, many individuals do not see themselves as supporters of any single perspective. Instead, they take a more varied approach and allow the problems at hand to shape the perspectiv es that they use. Other medical anthropologists consider themselves advocates or even activists of particular points of view. Indisputably, however, the perspectives they bring to their research strongly influence the way a problem is approached, how questions are asked, and the kind of answers that are deemed sufficient and adequate. Among the primary perspectives found in medical anthropology are medical ecology, interpretive or meaning-centered anthropology, and critical medical anthropology. These are explained as follows: Medical Ecology Entrenched in both cultural ecology and evolutionary theory, this approach began with an emphasis on adaptation, defined as behavioral or biological changes at either the individual or group level that support survival in a given environment as the core concept in the field. From this perspective, health was seen as a measure of environmental adaptation. Initially, the central principle of medical ecology was that the type of relationships that existed within different social groups was closely associated with the health status of the members in the groups. While better health meant good relations, poor health meant the opposite. In general, beliefs and behaviors that improve health or protect societal members from disease or injury are adaptive. From the medical ecological perspective, behavioral complexes such as medical systems, including everything from soul loss healing to biomedicine treatment of heart disease can be viewed as social cultural adaptive strategies. As observed by Singer and Baer (2011), there is no single cause of death. Whilst the immediate cause may be a virus, vitamin deficiency, or psychological trauma, disease ultimately is the product of a chain of interacting factors related to ecosystem imbalances including physical and social vulnerability and resilience. Health and disease are deemed to develop within a context of interaction among physical, biological, and cultural systems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Anthropology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The environment that people inhabit includes not just the physical habitat where they live but also the culturally constructed or built environment such as a city or a village, an acknowledgement that, in health, people impact their environment as much as the environment impacts them. Interpretive or Meaning-centered Medical Anthropology According to Baer et al (2003), the cultural interpretive approach, resulted from the fact that the ecological perspective about health related issues was increasingly becoming popular. By and large, the fundamental claim of cultural interpretive model is that disease is not an entity but an explanatory model. From the interpretive perspective, illness tends to have a strong connection to the culture of medicine that is deeply rooted within societies. And culture is not only a means of representing disease, but is essential to its very constitution as a human reality (Baer et al, 2003). From a cultural point of view, it is only through interpretive undertakings that both therapists as well as their patients get to know the diseases. Generally, the actions or undertakings include a complex interaction of medicine and social behaviors. That different sub-specialties of biomedicine sometimes reach quite different conclusions about the same clinical episode affirms to the interpretive medical anthropologists’ fundamental role of cultural construction in the making of a disease. Historically, the primary shortcoming of the interpretive approach from the critical perspective has been its lack of attention to the role of asymmetrical power relations in the construction of the clinical reality and the social utility of such construction for maintaining social dominance (Baer et al, 20003). Critical Medical Anthropology In the study by Baer et al (2003), critical medical anthropology (CMA) see ks to understand who ultimately controls biomedicine and what the implications are of such control. An analysis of the power relations affecting biomedicine addresses questions such as who has the power over agencies of biomedicine, how and in what forms power is to be delegated, how the power is to be expressed in the social relations of the various groups and actors comprising the health care system, and the principle contradictions of biomedicine and associated arenas of struggling and resistance that affect the character and functioning of the medical system and people’s experience of it.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ideally, any discussion of the impact of power relations in the delivery of health services needs to recognize the existence of several levels in the health care systems of developed capitalist, underdeveloped capitalist, and socialist oriented societies. At the macro-social level, critical medical anthropology recognizes that the development and expansion of a global economic system represents the most significant, transcending social process in the contemporary historic period. To a large extent, capitalism has progressively shaped and reshaped social life. As a discipline, anthropology has lagged behind in its attention to the nature and transforming influence of capitalism. As part of the larger effort of critical medical anthropology in general to correct this shortcoming, it attempts to root its study of health related issues within the context of the class and relations inherent in the capitalist world system. At the international level, the World Bank has become a key player in establishing health policies and making financial loans to health care undertakings. As a result of its practice of co-financing resources from international and bilateral agencies, the bank has a strong influence on health policies. The bank also conducts country specific health sector investigations and makes proposals for health care reforms that are compatible with market driven economies. Despite the fact that almost all Third World nations are supposed to be politically independent, their colonial inheritance and their neocolonial situations impose health care systems modeled after those found in the advanced capitalist nations (Baer et al, 2003). As a result of the clash and exchange between medical ecology theory, cultural perspective or meaning-centered theory, and critical medical theory, there have been developments in all three of the primary theoretical models within medical anthropology. While medical ecologists have begun to adopt a more political ecological orien tation, interpretive medical anthropologists acknowledge and are attempting, and in some cases, succeeding in producing work that is highly sensitive to political economic issues. Critical medical anthropologists on the other hand have also developed a significant level of interest in political ecology and the role of political economy in the production of meaning. Biomedicine and Culture While recognizing the fundamental importance of biology in health and illness, medical anthropologists generally go beyond seeing health as primarily a biological condition by seeking to understand the social origins of disease, the cultural construction of symptoms and treatments, and the nature of interactions between biology, society, and culture. Similarly, they tend not to accept any particular health care system, including Western biomedicine, as holding a monopoly on useful health knowledge or effective treatment. Instead, they see all health care systems from advanced nuclear medicine or la ser surgery to dream based healing or acupuncture as cultural products, whatever their level of healing value and however efficiency is defined within particular healing traditions. Medical anthropologists seek to understand and help others recognize that health is rooted in three key notions. First, there are cultural perceptions, such as culturally constituted ways of experiencing pain or exhibiting disease symptoms. Second, there are social connections, such as the type of relations that exist within the family or within society and the encompassing political and economic systems generally. Third, there is human biology, such as the threat of microscopic pathogens to bodily systems and the body’s immune responses to such threats. In pursuing these lines of inquiry, medical anthropologists are especially concerned with linking patterns of disease, configurations of health related beliefs and behaviors, and healing systems with cultural foundations, social hierarchies, and b io-social relationships. Consequently, medical anthropologists have tended to look at health as bio-cultural and bio-social phenomena, based on an understanding that as both physical and socio-cultural environments interact, they determine the health of populations under investigation (Singer Baer, 2011). Some medical anthropologists, particularly critical medical anthropologists stress what they call a critical bio-cultural model, one that is especially concerned with investigating the role of social inequality in shaping health, health related experience, behavior, and healing. Whatever their theoretical perspective, however, medical anthropologists tend to lean more towards a particular orientation. They are concerned with putting their work to good use in addressing real and pressing health related problems in diverse human communities and contexts. As noted by Singer and Baer (2011), illness is ordinarily perpetrated by the way a patient perceives his or her experienced sympto ms. Nevertheless, these interpretations are not solely personal but rather are witnessed by wider cultural understandings of illness and the comments and actions of the sufferer’s social network. Apparently, illness behavior is impacted by various factors that include both gender and socioeconomic status. In addition, illness behavior in a society is dynamic and not static. As a society changes, illness behaviors change as well, including patterns of use of health services. As noted by Hahn and Gaines (1984), earlier research studies demonstrated that biomedicine is a cultural system comprised of numerous variations. The studies also stressed on the importance of observation and reporting on actual practices and beliefs, rather than employing negative or positive idealized versions of medical practice, so that it is possible to understand that the healing encounter is a social and cultural event involving communication across cultural or sub-cultural boundaries (Hahn Gaines, 1984). Unlike its characterization by proponents and opponents, biomedicine may be seen to be a part of the wider culture. Theories of Supernatural Causation The most prevalent and important theories of illness found cross culturally in pre-modern societies involved theories of supernatural illness causation associated with personal assumption, meaning that some personal agent acted aggressively to cause the malady (Winkelman, 2008). Apparently, these notions are based on assumptions not recognized by modern medical science as being valid. Although framed in supernatural terms regarding the powers of unusual humans or evil spirits, these theories may nonetheless represent important social and physical processes relevant to health. The most prevalent and important supernatural theories of illness are related to concepts of animism where attacks or punishment from the spirit entities are reflected in a universal theory of illness. Animistic Causation Animistic causes of illness invol ve the actions of a supernatural entity such as a spirit or ghost. These universal beliefs include the attribution that some unseen entity is the cause of our problems. According to Winkelman (2008), there are two types of animistic causation. These are spirit aggression and soul loss. Spirit aggression is a universal belief that illness is caused by the aggressive action of the spirits, an attack that comprises the spirits putting something into a person or doing something to one’s body. On the other hand, soul loss involves a person having an aspect of his or her self, the soul or spirit, leave during a dream or as a result of the soul being frightened or captured by a spirit or act of sorcery. Magical Causation Theories of magical causation involve the linking of illness to malicious actions of other people. Seemingly, the wicked human, sorcerer or witch, has negative effects on other people’s health from overt actions or inadvertent emotions, particularly envy or j ealousy. A distinction between sorcery and witchcraft reflect important differences involving intentional and unintentional effects, respectively. Sorcery includes the impairment of health caused by the intentional aggressive use of magic, affected either by an individual’s power or through assistance provided by a specialized sorcerer or spirits. According to Winkelman (2008), sorcery as a cause of illness is found in most societies of the world. The other societies generally have beliefs in witchcraft, impairment of the health of persons, animals, or crops caused by involuntary actions by special types of persons with inherent powers to cause harm to others. A similar belief is associated with the evil eye. In this belief, someone can inadvertently cause harm by among other things, looking at another’s property. Evil eye power is frequently thought to emanate from the eyes or mouth of persons as a result of their envy. According to Burri and Dumit (2007), analyzing m edicine as culture opens up a fresh perspective on knowledge practices and epistemic features in biomedicine, namely, the construction and fashioning of knowledge objects within science or on the arrangements and mechanisms in biomedicine that shape what is known and how it is known. Biomedicine takes on responsibility for the release of its strange entities and facts into culturally diverse environments. Biomedical experts are, however, able to do so only in close collaboration with social science and the humanities. Medicalization of Life The concept of medicalization rests on the assumption that some occurrences belong in the domain of medicine while some do not. Typically, everything that we do or everything that happens to us affects or depends on the use of our bodies. In principle, we can treat what people do or what happens to them as belonging in the domain of medicine. We can also claim that nothing that we do or nothing that happens to us belongs in the domain of medicine because everything is ordained by God and belongs in the domain of religion. In some instances, medicalization has been used to reassure patients and relieve them of guilt, but at other times, medicalization has been held responsible of oppresses them, as when the complaints of poor and minority patients are dismissed due to bad or immoral behavior. Equally wicked are the understated ways in which bias is built into the very diagnostic categories used by biomedical practitioners that force them to make marked distinctions between normal and abnormal and to use assigned categories of ethnicity or race to mark out those people assumed to be at differential risk for various conditions. Generally, to understand medicalization primarily as enforced surveillance, as certain social scientists have done, is totally misleading and must be avoided. Individual citizens and even families frequently cooperate willingly with medical monitoring and management of bodily distress in the belief that they will also benefit. In Brazil, local doctors were able to transform despair, misery, and suffering into the language of sickness. The decisions of local doctors to treat social illnesses as bodily ills and to see hunger, widely experienced by poverty stricken shanty dwellers, as a nervous complaint rather than a symptom of politics of economic distribution were seen to represent an extreme case of what is commonly referred to as bad faith. Through medicalization of the ailments of their patients, local Brazilian doctors consciously deflected attention from the more fundamental incubators of affliction that lie in social, political, and economic oppression. Medicalization is regarded to be bad faith in that doctors and other health workers pretend to themselves and to others that they are not really involved in or responsible for what they are doing or the consequences of their actions. According to Scheper-Hughes (1988), medicine can play a very critical role in reorganizing pe ople’s needs. Although it has been argued that medicalization leads to the isolation of the experience of misery and domesticates people’s anger about the reality in which they are forced to live, it has a serious consequence of creating an over dependence on medicines. As an example of this negative repercussion of medicalization, consider a terrible illustration of the effect of drugs to isolated populations in Brazil. In September 1987, Goiania, a small town in central Brazil suffered a tough blow when several individuals were exposed to dangerous radioactive contamination. Due to ignorance and over reliance on medicine, more than 200 people were seriously affected. While some people applied the radioactive material on their bodies or faces with a hope of becoming more beautiful, others went on to swallow the poisonous substance in order to get healed from ailments (Scheper-Hughes, 1988). Clearly, this example demonstrates how these Brazilians had very high expectat ions of regaining their health status by depending on medicine regardless of the repercussions. Apparently, the local physicians could not be accused of such incidences and nor could they be held liable of the free circulation of restricted drugs across the Brazil. Nonetheless, they had to be blamed for not putting in place strict control measures to check against the importation of harmful pharmaceutical products into their country from places such as the United States, Germany, and Switzerland. Local physicians were also blamed for letting the citizens suffer due to their own selfishness and poor moral standings in the society (Scheper-Hughes, 1988). The so called bad faith thus operates among doctors and pharmacists, who let their knowledge and skills to be misused by the greedy in the society, and self-centered politicians who care less about the masses. Conclusion As has been discussed in this paper, turning to the use of medicine has completely changed the way the society view s illness. In the past, people simply lived based on their cultural settings and never depended so much on advice from local medical practitioners. When people got sick, traditional approaches would be followed while explaining the cause of the illness. Today, however, there is so much reliance on modern medicine and often times, people end up being treated by professional doctors. There is thus a medical explanation for any illness that a person may suffer from. Due to medicalization of life, most people have lost touched with their cultures and are now simply relying on doctors to guide them whenever they fall sick and are in need of treatment. However, it is imperative for people to know that there are negative effects that are linked to the idea of medicalization. As explained earlier, heavy dependency on medicine can lead to undesirable consequences. Unfortunately, undisciplined doctors may indulge in illegal practices to satisfy their own selfish interests at the expense of th e masses. References Baer, H. A., Singer, M., Susser, I. (2003). Medical Anthropology and the World System. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. Burri, R. V., Dumit, J. (2007). Biomedicine as Culture: Instrumental Practices, Technoscientific Knowledge, and New Modes of Life. New York, NY: Routledge. Hahn, R. A., Gaines, A.D. (1984). Physicians of Western Medicine: Anthropological Approaches to Theory and Practice. Hingham, MA: Springer. Pool, R., Geissler, W. (2005). Medical Anthropology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill International. Scheper-Hughes, N. (1988). The Madness of Hunger: Sickness, Delirium, and Human Needs. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 12, 429 – 458. Singer, M., Baer, H. (2011). Introducing Medical Anthropology: A Discipline in Action. Walnut Creek, California: Rowman Altamira. Winkelman, M. (2008). Culture and Health: Applying Medical Anthropology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons.

Greek Unity Essays

Greek Unity Essays Greek Unity Essay Greek Unity Essay There is much treatment over whether it was Grecian integrity that caused the triumph against the Persians in the old ages 490BC-479BC. The three chief points of position on the affair is that they were non united at all. which can be seen from the histories of Herodotus. that they were united. which can be seen in the Themistocles Decree and that it was Themistocles himself that made them unified. It is on the research of Herodotus that we rely most to a great extent on for our information of the Persian War period. He is frequently criticised for his inaccuracy. prejudice and failure to measure events decently. Unfortunately there is no other major antediluvian beginning against which bookmans can look into his facts. Plutarch writes about him with blasphemy and slander prevarication beneath his smooth. delicate surface and we must mind of unconsciously accepting his false and absurd thoughts about the greats noblest metropoliss and work forces of Greece. He is by and large dependable when it comes to the chief events. even though he is prone to overstate the size of the Iranian ground forcess brought against Greece. He is non. nevertheless. as utile when it comes to analysis. peculiarly his opinions about causes for events or tactics in conflicts. He openly declares his esteem for Athens and his histories are mostly written from the Athenian point of position. However. it must be remembered that he received his information at a clip when Athens and Sparta were hostile to one another. after 464. This could be a conducive factor as to why he writes as if there wasn’t integrity between the Greeks. : Herodotus dismisses the thought that the Greeks were of all time unified. In his Hagiographas he gives eternal illustrations of how the Greeks fought with each other invariably. He describes graft. perfidy and blackmail amongst the Grecian cantonments. One of these descriptions is that of Ephilates who showed the Persians the secret base on balls to the Spartans in the conflict of Thermopylae. He believed that if the Greeks were really unified. it was inadvertent and neer planned. Some modern historiographers tend to hold with this sentiment. In the conflict of Marathon. a Iranian armada of 600 ships embarked on an invasion force of about 20. 000 foot and horse on Grecian dirt merely north of Athens. Their mission was to oppress the Grecian provinces in revenge for their support of their Ionian cousins who had revolted against Iranian regulation. Athens mobilized 10. 000 hoplite warriors to support their districts. The two ground forcess met on the Plain of Marathon which was ideal for Iranian horse. The Athenians asked the Spartans for assistance in the conflict but harmonizing to Herodotus. the Spartans were unable to come directly off as they had their spiritual festival on at the clip ; And the Spartans wished to assist the Athenians. but were unable to give them any present relief. as they did non like to interrupt their established jurisprudence. They did state that they would come every bit shortly as it was over every bit rapidly as they could which shows the integrity at the clip between Athens and Sparta. the two chief forces at the clip. When Athens was in demand. Sparta would come to assist. Herodotus states After the full of the Moon. two thousand Lacedaemonians came to Athens. So eager had they been to get in clip that they took but three yearss to make Attica from Sparta. But it wasn’t integrity that helped the Greeks win this conflict. they were at a little advantage as they had cognition of their land unlike the Persians who had no apprehension of the Grecian geographics as it was really different to their ain. The Greek knew the Plain of Marathon good and could utilize the rugged land and the mountains environing the field to their advantage. The Athenians kept in the high land whereas the Persians stationed themselves on the field. Another thing that helped the Greeks win was the absence of the Persian horse when the Athenians decided to assail. The horse was one of the elect units of the Iranian ground forces and. if it were present at the conflict. would most likely have caused the Persians to win. There are two theories as to why the horse weren’t at that place. The first being that the Persians had ordered the horse back onto the Iranian ships. possibly to sail around the Grecian ground forces and assail them from behind. The 2nd being that the Equus caballuss were off eating grass and the Persians couldn’t acquire them to the conflict in clip. Harmonizing to Bury. the Spartans didn’t truly desire to travel to Thermopylae which suggests that the Greeks weren’t unified. This is presuming that the end of this conflict was to win and non a keeping program. Bury states that the Spartans attempted to cover his [ Leonidas ] selfish and short-sighted policy by the supplication that they were hindered from processing Forth in full force by the jubilation of the Carnean festival proposing that the Spartans did non desire to direct a full ground forces to assist the Athenians. But harmonizing to most historiographers. the purpose at Thermopylae was to keep the Iranian ground forces back while the Greece forces ready themselves at the Isthmus. Buckley states The Iranian ground forces could non be defeated in such a place. but it’s progress could be held up indefinately. This shows that the Greeks had a program and cognize precisely what they were making. Leonidas’ determination to remain and decease with the 300 Spartans is said to hold been in the vain hope that the Persian force that had travelled down the way might itself be trapped between the 300 Spartans and the chief Greek force South of Thermopylae. This shows integrity between the Greek provinces against Persia regulation. Herodotus suggested that it was because of the prognostication that Sparta would be plundered unless a Spartan male monarch died. While the events at Thermopylae were blossoming. a limited and indecisive naval battle took topographic point at Artemisium. If either side gained an advantage in this conflict. modern historiographers would state that it was likely the Persians. Nevertheless. a storm blew up and inflicted harm on both fleets. In this case. the Persians became the also-rans. This conflict lessened the Persian fleet which subsequently proved as an advantage to the Greeks in the conflict of Salamis. During this conflict the Athenians gave up their leading place as they knew that they would hold better opportunities if person else was to take. This scheme used besides shows integrity between the Greeks. Herodotus states that The Athenians waived their claim in the involvement of national endurance. cognizing that a wrangle about the bid would surely intend the devastation of Greece. The Themistocles Decree shows a planned lineation of the Athenian emptying proposing that it was the program the whole clip and that the conflicts of Thermopylae and Artemisium were to keep the Persians back. This besides suggests integrity between the Greeks as they follow the program Troezen letterings say before Thermopylae. The decree provinces that Who live in Athens shall put [ their kids and adult females ] on Troezen – the Founder of the land. [ The aged and ( movable ) ] belongings shall ( for safety ) be deposited at Salamis. [ the Treasurers and ] the Priestesss are [ to stay ] on the Acropolis [ and guard the ownerships of the ] Gods. The remainder of Athenians in their entireness and those foreigners who have reached immature manhood shall ship [ on the readied ] two hundred stores and they shall repel the [ Barbarian for the interest of ] autonomy. If this edict was in fact sound. it shows that the Greeks were intentionally unified. Besides. the Hellenic League is recorded to hold held many conferences at Corinth to discourse their schemes against the Persians. This indicates that the Greeks were organized and prepared to work together to destruct the Persians. Themistocles is said to be one of the most superb and advanced leaders of Athens. Thucydides describes him as a adult male who showed an unmistakable natural mastermind ; in this regard he was rather exceeding. and beyond all others deserves our esteem. He believed that when the Persians came in greater force the lone manner that they would cut off their supply lines was by get the better ofing them at sea. He besides knew that Athens future ballad with the sea. Herodotus and Aeschylus present Themistocles as the superb leader who fooled the hapless Xerxes into contending in the narrow Waterss of the passs of Salamis. He seemingly sent a courier sitting as treasonist to Xerxes to state him that the Greek fleet was about to withdraw and that unless he acted. they would acquire off. Themistocles convinced the Greeks that contending in the narrows would favor the smaller and heavier Greek fleet as combat in the Isthmus would favor the greater figure of Persians. He besides convinced them that a licking for the Persians at Salamis would halt the ground forces progressing to the Isthmus. By making this. he helped the Greeks greatly and harmonizing to Thucydides. saved the Peloponnese. Some historiographers say that the controversy that took topographic point between the different Greek leaders which shows disunity was really planned. They say that the statements were staged because of Iranian undercover agents who were listening in. The undercover agents would so travel back to Xerxes and state him that the Greeks had no opportunity of winning against the Persians as all they did was fight with each other. Hammond provinces that the conflict of Plataea was the finest accomplishments of Grecian integrity. Approximately 23 provinces had taken an curse of chumminess to contend together until the Iranian encroachers were destroyed. and for around three hebdomads over 100. 000 Greeks had faced utmost troubles. They had resisted the onslaughts of the Persians and their Alliess. There were menaces to integrity during those hebdomads. but it was a national confederation. nevertheless short lived. The Serpentine Column. now located in Turkey. is archeological grounds that suggests that the Greeks were unified. The column shows all the Grecian cit-states that were in the Hellenic conference and helped contend against the Persians. The list goes from most of import to least of import. Although it is difficult to state whether the Greeks were unified or non. it is clear that when the crunch clip came. they all pulled together and succeeded in get the better ofing the Persians. As Thucydides says. It was by common attempt that the foreign was repelled.