Stereotypes at School - 599 Words

Dr. Shankar Vedantam is a profound author and scientist for the NPR. The author of the passage â€Å"How a Self-Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance† Shankar Vedantam believes that by reminding a certain race of people about their race before a test they will score lower than if not reminded. Shankar’s purpose in revealing this information is to erase the imagery of stereotypes when testing. He adopts a different tone when the article moves on by going from a factual article to a more opinionated one. The intended audience is for people who stereotype because he is trying to convince them to try not to do it to any other people. Mrs. Roberts gave us a piece of 2 sided paper, and on the paper were boxes which we answered questions in. The questions we all about how the 2 people I talked to and where they heard the stereotypes, how they were formed, and how they dealt with their own races or sexes stereotypes. Both of the people I asked were in our class, and outside our class. The data we received from interviewing the people were put into the boxes on the paper we were given. We looked at the data after it was all put together and put it next to other stereotypes. Our class has done some research on the topic of stereotypes in our school. We have interviewed 165 students about the topic of stereotyping 79% of the people we interviewed were in 9th grade the rest were evenly spread out between 10th, 11th, and 12th grade. Only 42% of our participants were femaleShow MoreRelatedStereotypes in Schools953 Words   |  4 PagesStereotypes in school can affect students in their confidence and education. Writer, Shankar Vedantam, in his article, â€Å"How A Self-Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance,† argues that reminding people of their race before a test or quiz can be the reason they dont score as high on a test. He supports his claim by first explaining things that Sociologist Min-Hsiung Huang discovered. He then explains how whites have been scoring higher than other races this affects chances of them gettingRead MoreStereotypes in School517 Words   |  2 PagesStereotypes in school can affect student and their education. Wr iter, Shankar Vedantam, in his article, â€Å" How a Self-Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance,† explains the effects of stereotypes and how other races handle them. He supports his claim by explaining to the audience what a beast is, and how the answer depends on who is asking the question. He then explains how he eventually came to understand that minorities do better when they work with their own race and are not reminded ofRead MoreStereotypes in Our School637 Words   |  3 Pagesdone research at our school that supports the idea that many people experience stereotypes, and are affected by them. Author and Scientific Journalist, Shankar Vedantam, in his article â€Å"How a Self-Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance,† Explains that If people are stereotyped, they can start to embody the stereotypes made about them without realizing it, which could lead to a degradation in their performance, because of the negative self image caused by these st ereotypes. He supports thisRead MoreStereotypes at my school649 Words   |  3 PagesStereotypes in school can affect students and their education. We did some research about stereotypes at our school, Point Loma High, but first we read â€Å"How a Self-Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance,† by Shankar Vedantam. He argues that how being a stereotype can bring down someones work performance. He supports his claim by first explaining that on a standardized vocabulary test, black people on average scored a 5.49 out of 10 questions correctly and white people answered 6.33 correctlyRead MoreThe Situation of Stereotypes in High Schools557 Words   |  2 PagesStereotypes in our society can be a major problem, but can be an extremely big problem to teenagers. In my school, stereotypes has a wide range of impact to our students. In our class we had read an article based on stereotypes.Writer and musician, Shankar Vedantam, in his article, â€Å"How a Self-Fulfilling St ereotype Can Drag Down Performance,† claims that if you mention a person race they may have a lower performance on tests. He supports his claim by first explaining that when a person is testedRead MoreStereotypes at Point Loma High School609 Words   |  2 PagesOur class does research on the way stereotypes affect people in our school. We have interviewed 165 students. 79% of the people we interviewed were in 9th grade. The rest were evenly spread between 10th 11th and 12th grade. only 42% of our participants were female, while 58% were male. The majority of our interviewees identified themselves as white at 46%. 33% were hispanic or latino 7% were african american 4% were asian american 10% were other and 1% were native american. A majority of our participantsRead MoreStereotyping : Stereotypes And Stereotyping1494 Words   |  6 Pages In everyday life Stereotypes are used, they are directed towards ethnicity, gender, and education. â€Å"In ethnicity, we have the ideas that each race is a certain way† (Aronson. The impact of stereotypes). Here are a couple of examples for blacks, they all can run fast, and that they are all about the welfare system. â€Å"For Hispanics they are stereotyped as being crazy, loud, lazy, drug dealers, illegal immigrants, and slutty† (Typical stereotypes of Hispanics). The stereotypes of ethnicity is causingRead MoreHow Stereotypes Affect Teens699 Words   |  3 PagesStereotypes can be a problem in our society, but they are especially a problem for teenagers. At my school stereotypes impact a wide range of students. My class read â€Å"How a Self Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance,† by Writer and novelist, Shankar Vedantam. In his article he argues that telling people about their race before an exam will hurt their performance. He supports his claim by providing statistics on the average test scores of blacks compared to whites. He then explains thatRead MoreHow a Self-Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance by Shankar Vedantam657 Words   |  3 Pages Shankar Vedantam, author of Hidden Brain and NPR science correspondent informs and advocates for equality in the education system in his article â€Å"How a Self-Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance† published in the Washington Post (2009). Vedantam begins his article by interacting with the audience while he asks a question,and he cites Sociologist Min-Hsuing Huang’s research on the influence that the environment has on a minority. Huang found out that: reminding minorities of their raceRead MoreSummary Of Stereotypes In The Little Rock Nine873 Words   |  4 Pages Stereotypes Stereotypes, people who put other people into a category that they think they belong in. Individuals should be able to be themselves without being focused to be something they are not. Stereotypes the dictionary defines as  ¨a simplified and standardized conception or image invested with special meaning and held in common by members of a group. ¨ Words that are synonyms are  ¨pattern†, â€Å"custom†, and â€Å"average. ¨ Other words that are antonyms are, â€Å"same† and â€Å"alike. ¨ Stereotypes are people

The Cons of the Death Penalty Essay - 467 Words

The Cons of the Death Penalty â€Å"†¦Over 600 people were falsely convicted and 35 faced death for crimes that they did not commit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Johnson). The death penalty is an ineffective and expensive way of dealing justice to the American people. It is easier and cheaper to send someone to prison for life than to have them face the death penalty and be executed. Capital punishment is an unnecessary punishment because criminals are already managed at prisons. 69 The death penalty can lead to the death of innocent people. For example, â€Å"†¦According to a new study, serious errors occur in almost 70% of all trials leading to the death penalty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Leibman). This shows that if 100 people were put on death row, 70 would have serious mistakes in their†¦show more content†¦The lack of proper resources during a trial can make the difference between the innocence and guilt of a person. The death penalty does not always show the innocence or guilt of a person. It shows how much he or she is willing to spend to help the trial go his or her way. The death penalty is an unfair system to those who cannot afford the â€Å"evidence† they need to help free them. 224 The death penalty is a corrupt form of legal justice. For example, â€Å"†¦Defendants in about one-third of the Texas cases were represented at trial by an attorney who had been or later was suspended or otherwise sanctioned†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Leibman). This use of fraudulent attorneys in a case can lead to enough inaccuracies in the evidence to wrongfully execute a person. This action is against the constitutional right given to us of equal justice for all. In addition, â€Å"†¦One of you two is gonna hang for this. Since youre the nigger, youre elected†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Texas Police Officer). A Texas police officer said this to 2 men, one black and one white that were connected to the murder of a 17-year-old girl. Race plays a big part in the sentence of guilty or innocent. However, supporters of the death penalty claim â€Å"†¦that it enforces the laws by issuing strict punishment to the offenders†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (President George Bush). The deathShow MoreRelatedPros And Con s Of The Death Penalty789 Words   |  4 Pages Death Penalty The death penalty has been a debated topic for decades. Many people believe that it serves justice to the person being executed, while others think that it does no good for either party. However, I believe the three most outstanding topics surround the death penalty are the cost of death vs. life in prison, attorney quality, and irrevocable mistakes. The first topic surrounding the death penalty is the cost of death vs. life in prison. This is a bigRead MoreDeath Penalty Pros and Cons1636 Words   |  7 Pages Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty The death penalty is a legal process whereby a person is put to death as a punishment for a crime. The death penalties are usually carried out for retribution of a heinous murder committed, such as aggravated murder, felony killing or contract killing. Every state handles what method they want to use to put a person to death according to their state laws. The death penalty is given by lethal injection, electrocution; gas chamber firing squad and hanging areRead MoreDeath Penalty Pros And Cons1501 Words   |  7 Pagesthe death penalty. What laws have the Supreme Court recognized that warrant the death penalty as being cruel and unusual punishment. What are the pros and cons of the death penalty, death penalty vs. life incarceration from a financial standpoint, the death penalty is it a deterrent where crime is concerned, states that have the death penalty, the state with the highest number of death row inmates the state with the lowest, mentally ill and mental retardation, juveni les, women and the death penaltyRead MorePros And Cons Of The Death Penalty1435 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Death Penalty (DP), being also known as capital punishment, capital offence and corporal punishment, is a sentence of death imposed on a convicted criminal (1); this essay will use all the terms interchangeably. The DP breaches two fundamental human rights, namely the right to life and the right to live free from torture; both rights are protected under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted by the United Nations in 1948, which contains a list of each human rightsRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty915 Words   |  4 PagesThe Death Penalty is the punishment of execution to someone who legally by court of law convicted a capital crime. In the United States of America this is mainly used for aggravated murder. Additionally this means that the murder has circumstances that are severe. For instance it was planned murder, intentionally killed below the age of 13, killed someone while serving term in prison, killed a law officer, and killed someone or ill egally terminated a person’s pregnancy while in the process of committingRead MoreDeath Penalty Pros Cons2512 Words   |  11 PagesTop 10 Pros and Cons Should the death penalty be allowed? The PRO and CON statements below give a five minute introduction to the death penalty debate. (Read more information about our one star to five star Theoretical Credibility System) 1. Morality 2. Constitutionality 3. Deterrence 4. Retribution 5. Irrevocable Mistakes 6. Cost of Death vs. Life in Prison 7. Race 8. Income Level 9. Attorney Quality 10. Physicians at Execution PRO Death Penalty CON Death Penalty 1. Morality PRO:Read MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty1331 Words   |  6 PagesThe death penalty has always been an issue or debate in the United States, typically being asked if it should be illegal or not. As of right now there are thirty-one states, including Ohio in which I live, that still use the death penalty as it is illegal in the rest. There are many supporters of it, there is also a huge amount of opposition. There are things included in both sides that can make the argument harder to be one-sided but I believe that the death penalty should be legal throughout theRead MorePros And Cons Of The Death Penalty1348 Words   |  6 Pagesmost shocking, the death penalty. The death penalty, also referred to as capital punishment, was first introduced in the form of hanging hundreds of years ago when America was first established. Now, the most common way of execution proves to be death by lethal injection. For hundreds of years, people have argued over whether or not the general i dea of capital punishment stands morally correct. Many have also debated if anyone holds the right to end another’s life. The death penalty, morally wrong andRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty844 Words   |  4 PagesThe death penalty takes the saying of â€Å"An eye for an eye† to a whole new level. From a very young age, everyone has been taught the undeniable truth that murder is wrong. So what makes capital punishment alright? Just because someone did something wrong, that doesn’t mean that person can legally be killed, as we are all human, and we all make mistakes. In the United States, 31 states allow this punishment (Sherman). Christopher Wilkins, Terry Darnell Edwards, and Rolando Ruiz are some of the manyRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty948 Words   |  4 PagesDeath is something that a lot of people think about, but do people think about the Death Penalty? Having been given the death penalty means that someone is going to b e put to death by a lethal injection or an electric chair; There are more ways, but the injection and the electric chair are the most used. There are many different opinions surrounding the idea of death penalties; which some people think the death penalty should be used more and some believe the complete opposite. There are two main

Barriers Iin Communication Free Essays

The Grapevine Grapevine is Informal Communication in general is exchange of information, a discussion that adheres less to the rules and standards. it is on the dimension of the Project Communication Management. For example, a Project Sponsor might have a meeting with the Project Manager to discuss about the progress of the project and can give much better feedback that another type of communication (other types may include emails, hard copy reports etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Barriers Iin Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now ). Informal Communication is more effective for discussing sensitive information in a project.Four types of informal communications have been identified: (i) Single strand: In single strand network the individual communicates with the other individual through intervening persons. In other words each person tell s the other in sequence, one tells one. (ii) Gossip: In gossip one individual tells others on a non-selective basis, one tells all. (iii) Probability: In probability the individual tells other individuals randomly according to the law of probability. (iv) Cluster: In cluster type network the individual communicates with only those individuals whom he trusts.Research shows that out of the four, cluster chain is the most popular form of informal communication. It is not possible to establish a particular type of informal communication in an organisation. However attempts may be made indirectly to influence the result of informal communication. Keith Davis has found certain predictable forms of informal communication which can be of great use to the management in this respect. For instance individuals talk most when news is recent they talk about things which affect their work, and they talk about people they know.In addition people who are working with each other and who contact each other in the formal chain are likely to be on the same grapevine. It should be recognised that informal communication is as important as the informal organisation and that it is not identical with false rumour. Therefore, the management can profitably utilise the informal system in the attainment of organisation goals. According to Robbins, the grapevine in an organization has three significant characteristics. ? It is not controlled by formal management. ? Most employees perceive it to be more believable and reliable than formal communication issued by top management. It is largely used for the self-interests of the people within the organization. 17 Answer 8. (e) Guide to Effective Listening 1. Listen patiently to what the other person has to say even though you may believe it to be wrong or irrelevant. Indicate simple acceptance (not necessarily agreement) nodding your head or perhaps interjecting an occasional â€Å"um-hm† or â€Å"I see. † 2. Try to understand the feeling the person is expressing as well as the intellectual content. Most of us have difficulty talking clearly about our feelings. So careful attention is required. 3.Restate the person’s feelings briefly but accurately. At this stage you simply serve as a mirror and encourage the other person to continue talking. Occasionally make summary responses such as you think you are in a dead-end job but in doing so keep your tone neutral and try not to lead the person to your pet conclusions. 4. Avoid direct questions and arguments about facts refrain from saying, â€Å"That is just not so,† â€Å"Hold on a minute let’s look at the facts,† or â€Å"Prove it. † You may want to review the evidence later, but a review is irrelevant to how the person feels now. . Allow time for the discussion to continue without interruption and try to separate the conversation from mere official communication of company plans. That is, don’t make the conversation any more â€Å"authoritative† than it already is by virtue of your position in the organisation. 6. When the other person does touch upon a point you do want to know more about, simply repeat statements as a question. For instance, if he remarks, ‘nobody can break even on his expense account’, you can probe by replying, and â€Å"You say no one breaks even on expenses?With this encouragement he will probably expand on his previous statement. 7. Listen for what is not said evasions for pertinent points or perhaps too ready agreement with common cliches. Such an omission may be a clue to a bothersome fact the person wishes was not true. 8. If the other person appears genuinely to want your view point, be honest in your reply. But at the listening stage try to limit the expression of your views, since these may condition or repress what the other person says. 9. Don’t get emotionally involved yourself. Try simply to understand first and defer evaluation until later. 0. Listen â€Å"between the lines. † A person does not always put everything that is important into words. The changing tones and volume of his voice may have a meaning. So may his facial expression the gestures he makes with his hands and the movements of his body. 11. Better results can be achieved if the superior gives less emphasis to explaining and more emphasis to listening. 18 Answer 8. (f) Communication Feedback When individuals work together and interact the need to communicate effectively their feelings, impressions and views on various matters becomes important.Equally important is how these are received. When we communicate our reactions and perceptions to a person, especially regarding his behaviour, style of working. We call it feedback. Feedback, in simple terms, is the communication of feelings and perceptions by an individual to another individual about the latter’s behaviour and style of working. Such interpersonal feedback is involved in everyday life in various situations; for example, the boss sits with his subordinate and gives him necessary counselling about his achievements his strengths as well as areas in which he can improve further.We tell our peers what we think about their style and ways of behaviour so that they may be able to benefit from such communication. A subordinate may also do the same. If his boss pulled him up in the presence of others he may go and tell him how bad he felt about such a happening. This may help the boss to improve his ways of communicating such matters to his subordinates. The main function of giving feedback is to provide data about a person’s style of behaviour and its effect on others.Such data can be verified by the individual by either collecting more data from other sources or by checking some aspects with others. The feedback also provides several alternatives to the individual out of which he can choose one or two to experiment on. Interpersonal feedback contributes to the improvement of communication between two persons involved in feedback through the establishment of a culture of openness and promoting interpersonal trust. Continuous feedback will help in establishing norms of being open. Similarly, receiving of feedback fulfils several purposes.It primarily helps the individual (one who receives feedback) to process behavioural data he has received from others (the perceptions and feelings people have communicated to him about the effect of his behaviour on them). It helps him to have better awareness of his own self and behaviour. Getting information about how his behaviour is perceived and what impact it makes on others, increases his sensitivity, his ability to pickup cues from the environment that indicate what perceptions and feelings people have about his behaviour. How to cite Barriers Iin Communication, Papers

Nursing for Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theNursing for Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing. Answer: Introduction Every day we face various challenges in our life. When we are at our workplace carrying out our activities we come across them. All these form part of an endless learning cycle when we finally overcome the challenges. According to Crisp, Douglas Rebeiro (2016), any position that one may be in an organizations hierarchy always comes with a number of challenges. A managers work in a clinical facility is a demanding job with overwhelming responsibility according to Managed Healthcare Executives 2016 State of the Industry Survey. Newly recruited employees with little experience also have many obstacles in their career path too. These challenges as earlier stated can be overcome. (Crisp, Douglas Rebeiro, 2016). Strategies for Each of the Leadership Challenges Identified. I noted that the experienced staffs were intimidating the new staff. They appeared impolite and demeaned the junior counterparts. As the leader one has reorganize and develop team building. This helps all to learn that they are part of the larger organization. Crisp, Douglas Rebeiro, (2016) explain that The staffs that have served for long period of time often want their effort to be recognized in a special way (p.71). In the spirit of team work, their effort together with those other employees shall be seen to have a pivotal role in the success of the organization. This will help end intimidation from the experienced employees. When the veteran employees show unwelcoming and negative attitude towards nurturing the inexperienced, this is a challenge to the leadership. Long serving employees attach a lot of value to their experience. They would always want this to be recognized. The organization should appreciate these individuals depending on their personal inclination; some would feel appreciated by being offered incentives which could be in form of job promotions (Crisp, Douglas Rebeiro, 2016). Given the fractured employee relations, the inexperienced are carried away and focus more on their predicament. This made them to fail to recognize the learning opportunities available. We learn that no matter how sour our relations would be with our bosses and supervisors, given their experience we still have a lot more to learn from them. Its high time people learn to separate, and deal with issues rather than persons. At times peoples emotion override and the only weapon would be to uphold professionalism. To always be ready to ask with an intention to know. To endeavor to learn from the seniors despite what come may (Tan, 2017). High staff turnover is a problem experienced in many organizations including hospital set up. It is said that change is good as rest. It therefore means it is unavoidable. High rates of staff turnover, directly affects the productivity (Crisp, Douglas Rebeiro, 2016).The leader should then identify the reasons why workers are departing so as to come up with a retention strategy. Many employees are likely to leave if they are offered a better pay elsewhere. It is therefore important to ensure that the employees packages match their counterparts elsewhere to avoid losing them on such a ground. One can conduct salary survey to help get feedback from the employees so as to make sound judgments on their salary packages (Crisp, Douglas Rebeiro, 2016). Some clinical facilities have too much work load for their employees. This is as a result of fewer numbers of staff that is not proportional to the workload of the facility. The staff becomes overworked and left with little or no time for recreation. This makes their work boring and tiresome. Some duties performed by the clinic staff e.g. laboratory technicians, drug prescriptions etc require accuracy and precision, therefore tasking the mental capacity. The staff should be given the recommended work load so as also to increase productivity. The number of hours that they work should also be checked to avoid overworking employees (Crisp, J., Douglas Rebeiro, 2016). Employee motivation has worked against many organizations. Health workers have not been left out either. Having a lucrative package in exchange to a highly productive staff does not guarantee productivity from the employee. (Edvardsson, Watt Pearce, 2017). Other factors play part as well. A poorly motivated health worker may not deliver much. Given the brain intensive work in the clinics, some employers have opted to have increase the day offs of employees, in an effort to give time to recuperate. Day care facilities may be started to take care of the staffs children at the expense of the facility. Fitness rooms may be set up within the facility and the staffs given the privilege of free services (Sloane, 2016). Other options that may be explored is giving discounts on services received by employees e.g. travelling, medical care among others Personal development is a sticky issue that every individual fights with. Nobody would wish to remain in their current positions forever. Individuals that are high performing endeavor to grow and develop professionally. In order to fulfill their dreams as a leader, it is important to constantly meet the staff and discuss their career plan. One may offer in-service training programmes to sharpen the skills of your employees. Knowledge advance day and night and this is the only to be at par with the current issues that are in line with ones profession (Berthelsen Frederickson, 2017) When a new member joins an organization no matter how ironed out issues may be, some challenges are always faced (Caruso, 2016). The new member may have difficulty in internalizing the culture and way of operation of the new organization. Meeting a new boss, a different supervisor and unfamiliar environment may take a little time to cope with. Leaders should assign other employees to orient the new employees so as to familiarize themselves with the operations in the new work station. Conclusion The challenges faced in organizations are only to make us smarter thinkers. We learn how to go about the problems we face by offering solutions and not avoiding nor dodging them. We make better decisions after challenges have rocked us preparing us to be better leaders and learners (Colet, 2017). In health care therefore, it is important for individuals to be critical thinkers. Critical thinking is very important in health sector. It can help nurse for instance to prioritize or arrange patients in the order they can receive treatment especially in circumstances where health experts handling the patients are few. In addition to critical thinking, the organization needs to motivate employees. Employee motivation is one of the most important elements an organization can use to ensure that service delivery is improved. A motivated employee tends to be productive. However it is important to note that motivation if note done fairly and properly can also lead to devastating negative effects on the part of service delivery in the health sector (Crisp, Douglas Rebeiro, 2016). Works Cited Edvardsson, D., Watt, E., Pearce, F. (2017). Patient experiences of caring and person?centredness are associated with perceived nursing care quality. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 73(1), 217-227. Berthelsen, C. B., Frederiksen, K. (2017). Orchestrating care through the fast-track perspective: A qualitative content analysis of the provision of individualised nursing care in orthopaedic fast-track programmes. International Journal of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing, 24, 40-49. Tan, F. E., (2017). Innovative Nursing Homes, Promoting Activities and Social Interaction for People With Dementia. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 18(1), 40-46. Colet, P. (2017). Health care perspectives among baccalaureate nursing students in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education Today, 49, 156-162. Barton-Burke, M., Ciccolini, K., Mekas, M., Burke, S. (2017). Dermatologic reactions to targeted therapy: A focus on epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors and nursing care. Nursing Clinics of North America, 52(1), 83-113. Xiao, S., Widger, K., Tourangeau, A., Berta, W. (2017). Nursing Process Health Care Indicators: A Scoping Review of Development Methods. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 32(1), 32-39. Bragadttir, H., Kalisch, B. J., Tryggvadttir, G. B. (2017). Correlates and predictors of missed nursing care in hospitals. Journal of clinical nursing. Martsolf, G. R., Gordon, T., May, L. W., Mason, D., Sullivan, C., Villarruel, A. (2016). Innovative nursing care models and culture of health: Early evidence. Nursing outlook, 64(4), 367-376. Caruso, R. (2016). Hospitalised heart failure patients: what is behind their satisfaction with nursing care?. In European Journal of Heart Failure (Vol. 18, pp. 252-252). Sloane, D. M. (2016). Unmet Nursing Care Linked to Re-hospitalizations Among Older Black AMI Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study of US Hospitals. Medical care, 54(5), 457-465. Quinn, P. D., Hur, K., Chang, Z., Krebs, E. E., Bair, M. J., Scott, E. L., ... D'onofrio, B. M. (2017). Incident and long-term opioid therapy among patients with psychiatric conditions and medications: a national study of commercial health care claims. Pain, 158(1), 140-148. Gomes, L. M. X., Andrade Barbosa, T. L. D., Vieira, L. J. T., Castro, K. P. A. N., Caldeira, A. P., Torres, H. D. C., Viana, M. B. (2017). Effectiveness of an educational programme about sickle cell disease in the form of active methodologies among community health agents and nursing technicians of primary care in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Paediatrics and international child health, 37(1), 56-62. Crisp, J., Douglas, C., Rebeiro, G. (2016). Potter Perry's Fundamentals of Nursing (5th ed.). Mosby Australia: Reed International.